go/types

Overview

The go/types package implements type-checking for Go packages. It provides the algorithms and data structures for analyzing Go code beyond just parsing - including name resolution, type inference, constant evaluation, and semantic validation. Key capabilities:

Type checking Go source code
Name resolution (mapping identifiers to declarations)
Constant folding and evaluation
Type inference
Method set computation
Interface satisfaction checking

For a comprehensive tutorial, see the official Go Types Tutorial.

Core Types

Config

Specifies the configuration for type checking.

type Config struct {
    Context          *Context
    GoVersion        string
    IgnoreFuncBodies bool
    FakeImportC      bool
    
    // Error handling
    Error func(err error)
    
    // Import resolution
    Importer ImporterFrom
    
    // Size calculation
    Sizes Sizes
}

Common configuration:

conf := &types.Config{
    Importer: importer.Default(),
    Error: func(err error) {
        fmt.Println("Type error:", err)
    },
}

Package

Represents a type-checked Go package.

type Package struct {
    // Read-only fields
}

func (pkg *Package) Path() string
func (pkg *Package) Name() string
func (pkg *Package) Scope() *Scope
func (pkg *Package) Imports() []*Package
func (pkg *Package) Complete() bool

Info

Stores type-checking results.

type Info struct {
    Types      map[ast.Expr]TypeAndValue     // type info for expressions
    Instances  map[*ast.Ident]Instance       // generic instantiations
    Defs       map[*ast.Ident]Object         // identifier definitions
    Uses       map[*ast.Ident]Object         // identifier uses
    Implicits  map[ast.Node]Object           // implicit objects
    Selections map[*ast.SelectorExpr]*Selection
    Scopes     map[ast.Node]*Scope           // lexical scopes
    InitOrder  []*Initializer                // initialization order
    FileVersions map[*ast.File]string         // Go version per file
}

Example:

info := &types.Info{
    Types: make(map[ast.Expr]types.TypeAndValue),
    Defs:  make(map[*ast.Ident]types.Object),
    Uses:  make(map[*ast.Ident]types.Object),
}

Type Checking

Check Function

Type-checks a package.

func (conf *Config) Check(
    path string,
    fset *token.FileSet,
    files []*ast.File,
    info *Info,
) (*Package, error)

Example:

package main

import (
    "go/ast"
    "go/importer"
    "go/parser"
    "go/token"
    "go/types"
    "log"
)

func main() {
    src := `package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
    fmt.Println("Hello, World!")
}`

    // Parse the source
    fset := token.NewFileSet()
    file, err := parser.ParseFile(fset, "hello.go", src, 0)
    if err != nil {
        log.Fatal(err)
    }

    // Type-check the package
    conf := types.Config{Importer: importer.Default()}
    info := &types.Info{
        Types: make(map[ast.Expr]types.TypeAndValue),
    }
    
    pkg, err := conf.Check("main", fset, []*ast.File{file}, info)
    if err != nil {
        log.Fatal(err)
    }

    println("Package:", pkg.Name())
}

Type Interface

The fundamental type interface.

type Type interface {
    Underlying() Type
    String() string
}

Concrete Type Implementations

Basic - Basic types (int, string, bool, etc.)

type Basic struct {
    Kind BasicKind
    Info BasicInfo
    Name string
}

Named - Named types (type declarations)

type Named struct { /* ... */ }

func (n *Named) Obj() *TypeName
func (n *Named) NumMethods() int
func (n *Named) Method(i int) *Func

Pointer - Pointer types

type Pointer struct { /* ... */ }

func NewPointer(elem Type) *Pointer
func (p *Pointer) Elem() Type

Slice - Slice types

type Slice struct { /* ... */ }

func NewSlice(elem Type) *Slice
func (s *Slice) Elem() Type

Array - Array types

type Array struct { /* ... */ }

func NewArray(elem Type, len int64) *Array
func (a *Array) Len() int64
func (a *Array) Elem() Type

Map - Map types

type Map struct { /* ... */ }

func NewMap(key, elem Type) *Map
func (m *Map) Key() Type
func (m *Map) Elem() Type

Chan - Channel types

type Chan struct { /* ... */ }

func NewChan(dir ChanDir, elem Type) *Chan
func (c *Chan) Dir() ChanDir
func (c *Chan) Elem() Type

Struct - Struct types

type Struct struct { /* ... */ }

func NewStruct(fields []*Var, tags []string) *Struct
func (s *Struct) NumFields() int
func (s *Struct) Field(i int) *Var
func (s *Struct) Tag(i int) string

Interface - Interface types

type Interface struct { /* ... */ }

func NewInterface(methods []*Func, embeddeds []Type) *Interface
func (i *Interface) NumMethods() int
func (i *Interface) Method(i int) *Func
func (i *Interface) Empty() bool

Signature - Function types

type Signature struct { /* ... */ }

func NewSignature(recv *Var, params, results *Tuple, variadic bool) *Signature
func (s *Signature) Recv() *Var
func (s *Signature) Params() *Tuple
func (s *Signature) Results() *Tuple
func (s *Signature) Variadic() bool

Object Types

Objects represent declared entities.

type Object interface {
    Parent() *Scope
    Pos() token.Pos
    Pkg() *Package
    Name() string
    Type() Type
    Exported() bool
}

Concrete object types:

*Const - Constant
*Var - Variable (including parameters, results, struct fields)
*Func - Function or method
*TypeName - Type name
*Label - Statement label
*PkgName - Imported package
*Builtin - Built-in function
*Nil - Predeclared nil

Scope

Represents a lexical scope.

type Scope struct { /* ... */ }

func (s *Scope) Parent() *Scope
func (s *Scope) NumChildren() int
func (s *Scope) Child(i int) *Scope
func (s *Scope) Lookup(name string) Object
func (s *Scope) Insert(obj Object) Object
func (s *Scope) Pos() token.Pos
func (s *Scope) End() token.Pos

Example:

pkg, _ := conf.Check("example", fset, files, nil)
scope := pkg.Scope()

// Look up a name
obj := scope.Lookup("MyFunc")
if obj != nil {
    fmt.Printf("Found: %s of type %s\n", obj.Name(), obj.Type())
}

Type Checking Examples

Basic Type Checking

package main

import (
    "go/ast"
    "go/importer"
    "go/parser"
    "go/token"
    "go/types"
    "fmt"
)

func main() {
    src := `package main

type Celsius float64

func FToC(f float64) Celsius {
    return Celsius(f - 32) * 5 / 9
}`

    fset := token.NewFileSet()
    file, _ := parser.ParseFile(fset, "temp.go", src, 0)

    conf := types.Config{Importer: importer.Default()}
    pkg, err := conf.Check("temperature", fset, []*ast.File{file}, nil)
    if err != nil {
        fmt.Println("Type error:", err)
        return
    }

    // Look up the FToC function
    obj := pkg.Scope().Lookup("FToC")
    fmt.Printf("%s: %s\n", obj.Name(), obj.Type())
    // Output: FToC: func(f float64) temperature.Celsius
}

Analyzing Expressions

func analyzeExpressions(src string) {
    fset := token.NewFileSet()
    file, _ := parser.ParseFile(fset, "", src, 0)

    info := &types.Info{
        Types: make(map[ast.Expr]types.TypeAndValue),
    }

    conf := types.Config{Importer: importer.Default()}
    conf.Check("", fset, []*ast.File{file}, info)

    // Print type of each expression
    for expr, tv := range info.Types {
        pos := fset.Position(expr.Pos())
        fmt.Printf("%s: %s\n", pos, tv.Type)
    }
}

Finding Definitions and Uses

func findReferences(src string, name string) {
    fset := token.NewFileSet()
    file, _ := parser.ParseFile(fset, "", src, 0)

    info := &types.Info{
        Defs: make(map[*ast.Ident]types.Object),
        Uses: make(map[*ast.Ident]types.Object),
    }

    conf := types.Config{}
    conf.Check("", fset, []*ast.File{file}, info)

    // Find definition
    for ident, obj := range info.Defs {
        if obj != nil && obj.Name() == name {
            pos := fset.Position(ident.Pos())
            fmt.Printf("Defined at %s\n", pos)
        }
    }

    // Find uses
    for ident, obj := range info.Uses {
        if obj != nil && obj.Name() == name {
            pos := fset.Position(ident.Pos())
            fmt.Printf("Used at %s\n", pos)
        }
    }
}

Method Sets

MethodSet

Computes the method set of a type.

func NewMethodSet(T Type) *MethodSet

type MethodSet struct { /* ... */ }

func (s *MethodSet) Len() int
func (s *MethodSet) At(i int) *Selection
func (s *MethodSet) Lookup(pkg *Package, name string) *Selection

Example:

package main

import (
    "go/importer"
    "go/parser"
    "go/token"
    "go/types"
    "fmt"
)

func main() {
    src := `package main

type Celsius float64

func (c Celsius) String() string {
    return fmt.Sprintf("%g°C", c)
}

func (c *Celsius) Set(f float64) {
    *c = Celsius(f-32) * 5 / 9
}`

    fset := token.NewFileSet()
    file, _ := parser.ParseFile(fset, "", src, 0)

    conf := types.Config{Importer: importer.Default()}
    pkg, _ := conf.Check("main", fset, []*ast.File{file}, nil)

    celsius := pkg.Scope().Lookup("Celsius").Type()

    // Method set of Celsius (value)
    fmt.Println("Methods of Celsius:")
    mset := types.NewMethodSet(celsius)
    for i := 0; i < mset.Len(); i++ {
        fmt.Printf("  %s\n", mset.At(i))
    }

    // Method set of *Celsius (pointer)
    fmt.Println("Methods of *Celsius:")
    ptrCelsius := types.NewPointer(celsius)
    mset = types.NewMethodSet(ptrCelsius)
    for i := 0; i < mset.Len(); i++ {
        fmt.Printf("  %s\n", mset.At(i))
    }
}

// Output:
// Methods of Celsius:
//   method (Celsius) String() string
// Methods of *Celsius:
//   method (*Celsius) Set(f float64)
//   method (*Celsius) String() string

Type Predicates

Utility functions for checking type properties.

// Identity comparisons
func Identical(x, y Type) bool
func IdenticalIgnoreTags(x, y Type) bool

// Assignability
func AssignableTo(V, T Type) bool
func ConvertibleTo(V, T Type) bool

// Interface implementation
func Implements(V Type, T *Interface) bool
func Satisfies(V Type, T *Interface) bool

// Comparability
func Comparable(T Type) bool

Example:

// Check if type implements interface
if types.Implements(myType, ioWriterInterface) {
    fmt.Println("Type implements io.Writer")
}

// Check assignability
if types.AssignableTo(srcType, dstType) {
    fmt.Println("Can assign src to dst")
}

Sizes Interface

Calculates size and alignment of types.

type Sizes interface {
    Alignof(T Type) int64
    Offsetsof(fields []*Var) []int64
    Sizeof(T Type) int64
}

// Standard sizes for common architectures
func SizesFor(compiler, arch string) Sizes

Example:

sizes := types.SizesFor("gc", "amd64")
size := sizes.Sizeof(myType)
align := sizes.Alignof(myType)

fmt.Printf("Size: %d bytes, Alignment: %d\n", size, align)

Error Handling

conf := types.Config{
    Error: func(err error) {
        // Custom error handling
        if typeErr, ok := err.(types.Error); ok {
            fmt.Printf("%s: %s\n",
                typeErr.Fset.Position(typeErr.Pos),
                typeErr.Msg)
        }
    },
}

go/ast - Abstract syntax tree representation
go/parser - Parse Go source into AST
go/token - Token and position definitions
go/constant - Constant values and operations
go/importer - Package import mechanisms
golang.org/x/tools/go/types/typeutil - Type utilities
golang.org/x/tools/go/packages - High-level package loading and type checking

Language Constructs

I/O & System

Data Structures

Networking

Encoding

Cryptography

Concurrency

Testing & Debugging

Reflection & Parsing

go/types

Overview

Core Types

Config

Package

Info

Type Checking

Check Function

Type Interface

Concrete Type Implementations

Object Types

Scope

Type Checking Examples

Basic Type Checking

Analyzing Expressions

Finding Definitions and Uses

Method Sets

MethodSet

Type Predicates

Sizes Interface

Error Handling

Language Constructs

I/O & System

Data Structures

Networking

Encoding

Cryptography

Concurrency

Testing & Debugging

Reflection & Parsing

Documentation Index

​Overview

​Core Types

​Config

​Package

​Info

​Type Checking

​Check Function

​Type Interface

​Concrete Type Implementations

​Object Types

​Scope

​Type Checking Examples

​Basic Type Checking

​Analyzing Expressions

​Finding Definitions and Uses

​Method Sets

​MethodSet

​Type Predicates

​Sizes Interface

​Error Handling

​Related Packages

Overview

Core Types

Config

Package

Info

Type Checking

Check Function

Type Interface

Concrete Type Implementations

Object Types

Scope

Type Checking Examples

Basic Type Checking

Analyzing Expressions

Finding Definitions and Uses

Method Sets

MethodSet

Type Predicates

Sizes Interface

Error Handling

Related Packages